The court decided that plaintiff's sex is equal to her chromosomes, which were XY (male). Prange, (1999), Christie Lee Littleton, a trans woman who had undergone sex reassignment surgery, argued to the Texas 4th Court of Appeals that her marriage to her genetically male husband (deceased) was legally binding and hence she was entitled to his estate. Corbett decision but rejected its reasoning. Here the court expressly considered the English Corbett v. held that trans people who had undergone sex reassignment surgery could marry as the legal sex matching their gender identity, the first ruling of its kind. She did not mention her birth sex, however, or the fact she was still legally male. Later that year, Charlotte McLeod, another trans woman who underwent sex reassignment surgery, married her husband Ralph H. In 1959, Christine Jorgensen, a trans woman, was denied a marriage license by a clerk in New York City, on the basis that her birth certificate listed her as male Jorgensen did not pursue the matter in court. Prior to this ruling, the right of transgender people to marry was often subject to legal challenge-as was the status of their marriages after transitioning, particularly in cases where an individual's birth sex was interpreted to mean a same-sex marriage had taken place. While this is commonly understood as a ruling allowing same-sex marriage, it also meant that a person's sex, whether assigned at birth or recognized following transitioning, cannot be used to determine their eligibility to marry. Hodges, the Court ruled that people have a right to marry without regard to sex. Restrictions and bans on gender-affirming care, hormone therapy, and drag are common in red states alongside queer-oriented literature, and academic curricula (i.e., gender and sexuality studies, etc.) have been prohibited by state governments in public schools. Throughout the United States, transgender rights are a target of conservatives and the Republican Party. However, only some states and territories include gender identity in their hate crime laws. Hate Crimes Prevention Act, of 2009, added crimes motivated by a victim's actual or perceived gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability to the federal definition of a hate crime. Hodges established that equal protection requires all jurisdictions to recognize same-sex marriages, giving transgender people the right to marry regardless of whether their partners are legally considered to be same-sex or opposite-sex. The Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. jurisdictions are also a complex mix of federal and state rules. Gender self-identification (including an "X" option) is permitted for passports. Some states legally recognize non-binary citizens, and offer an "X" marker on identification documents. Most states allow updating gender identity on birth certificates and driver's licenses, although some require proof of gender-affirming surgery or prohibit updating these fields altogether. The Equality Act, if passed, would prohibit discrimination on the basis of gender identity in employment housing public accommodations education federally funded programs credit and jury service. Transgender employees are nationally protected from employment discrimination following a 2020 ruling where the Supreme Court held that Title VII protections against sex discrimination in employment extend to transgender employees. There has been a steady increase in the number of anti-transgender bills introduced each year, especially in Republican-led states. Since 2020, there has been a national movement by conservative/ right-wing politicians and organizations to target transgender rights. However, many rights remain unprotected, and some rights are being eroded. In recent decades, there has been an expansion of federal, state, and local laws and rulings to protect transgender Americans. In the United States, the rights of transgender people vary considerably by jurisdiction.
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